diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index a0106c1..ed6afd7 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Initialize the database
  *
@@ -42,17 +40,15 @@
 	if (is_string($params) AND strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if ( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+		if (( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+			AND ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
 		{
-			if ( ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
-			{
-				show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
-			}
+			show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
 		}
 
 		include($file_path);
 
-		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) == 0)
+		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('No database connection settings were found in the database config file.');
 		}
@@ -78,33 +74,31 @@
 		 *  parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
 		 *  $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
 		 */
-
 		if (($dns = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			show_error('Invalid DB Connection String');
 		}
 
 		$params = array(
-							'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
-							'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
-							'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
-							'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
-							'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
-						);
+				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
+				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
+				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
+				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
+				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
+			);
 
 		// were additional config items set?
 		if (isset($dns['query']))
 		{
 			parse_str($dns['query'], $extra);
-
 			foreach ($extra as $key => $val)
 			{
 				// booleans please
-				if (strtoupper($val) == "TRUE")
+				if (strtoupper($val) === 'TRUE')
 				{
 					$val = TRUE;
 				}
-				elseif (strtoupper($val) == "FALSE")
+				elseif (strtoupper($val) === 'FALSE')
 				{
 					$val = FALSE;
 				}
@@ -114,17 +108,15 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	// No DB specified yet?  Beat them senseless...
+	// No DB specified yet? Beat them senseless...
 	if ( ! isset($params['dbdriver']) OR $params['dbdriver'] == '')
 	{
 		show_error('You have not selected a database type to connect to.');
 	}
 
-	// Load the DB classes.  Note: Since the active record class is optional
+	// Load the DB classes. Note: Since the active record class is optional
 	// we need to dynamically create a class that extends proper parent class
 	// based on whether we're using the active record class or not.
-	// Kudos to Paul for discovering this clever use of eval()
-
 	if ($active_record_override !== NULL)
 	{
 		$active_record = $active_record_override;
@@ -135,18 +127,14 @@
 	if ( ! isset($active_record) OR $active_record == TRUE)
 	{
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_active_rec.php');
-
 		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 		{
 			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_active_record { }
 		}
 	}
-	else
+	elseif ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
-		{
-			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
-		}
+		class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
 	}
 
 	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php');
@@ -168,7 +156,5 @@
 	return $DB;
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file DB.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
index 486b4d7..30a17d1 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -43,23 +43,23 @@
 	protected $return_delete_sql		= FALSE;
 	protected $reset_delete_data		= FALSE;
 
-	protected $ar_select				= array();
-	protected $ar_distinct				= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_from					= array();
-	protected $ar_join					= array();
-	protected $ar_where					= array();
-	protected $ar_like					= array();
-	protected $ar_groupby				= array();
-	protected $ar_having				= array();
-	protected $ar_keys					= array();
-	protected $ar_limit					= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_offset				= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_order					= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_orderby				= array();
-	protected $ar_set					= array();
-	protected $ar_wherein				= array();
+	protected $ar_select			= array();
+	protected $ar_distinct			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_from			= array();
+	protected $ar_join			= array();
+	protected $ar_where			= array();
+	protected $ar_like			= array();
+	protected $ar_groupby			= array();
+	protected $ar_having			= array();
+	protected $ar_keys			= array();
+	protected $ar_limit			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_offset			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_order			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_orderby			= array();
+	protected $ar_set			= array();
+	protected $ar_wherein			= array();
 	protected $ar_aliased_tables		= array();
-	protected $ar_store_array			= array();
+	protected $ar_store_array		= array();
 	protected $ar_where_group_started	= FALSE;
 	protected $ar_where_group_count		= 0;
 
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@
 	protected $ar_cache_set				= array();
 
 	protected $ar_no_escape 			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_no_escape		= array();
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $ar_cache_no_escape			= array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Select
@@ -113,6 +111,7 @@
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@
 	 *	select_max()
 	 *	select_min()
 	 *	select_avg()
-	 *  select_sum()
+	 *	select_sum()
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the field
 	 * @param	string	an alias
@@ -214,7 +213,6 @@
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->_protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
-
 		$this->ar_select[] = $sql;
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
@@ -280,30 +278,27 @@
 				{
 					$v = trim($v);
 					$this->_track_aliases($v);
-
-					$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+					$this->ar_from[] = $v = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 					if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 					{
-						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $v;
 						$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 					}
 				}
-
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$val = trim($val);
 
-				// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
+				// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
 				// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 				$this->_track_aliases($val);
-
-				$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+				$this->ar_from[] = $val = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $val;
 					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 				}
 			}
@@ -340,23 +335,19 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
+		// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
 		// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 		$this->_track_aliases($table);
 
 		// Strip apart the condition and protect the identifiers
 		if (preg_match('/([\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
 		{
-			$match[1] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[1]);
-			$match[3] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[3]);
-
-			$cond = $match[1].$match[2].$match[3];
+			$cond = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->_protect_identifiers($match[3]);
 		}
 
 		// Assemble the JOIN statement
-		$join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
+		$this->ar_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
 
-		$this->ar_join[] = $join;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_join[] = $join;
@@ -429,7 +420,7 @@
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 
 			if (is_null($v) && ! $this->_has_operator($k))
 			{
@@ -442,7 +433,6 @@
 				if ($escape === TRUE)
 				{
 					$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
-
 					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
 				}
 
@@ -457,7 +447,6 @@
 			}
 
 			$this->ar_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-
 			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->ar_cache_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
@@ -571,11 +560,9 @@
 			$this->ar_wherein[] = $this->escape($value);
 		}
 
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in = $prefix.$this->_protect_identifiers($key).$not.' IN ('.implode(', ', $this->ar_wherein).') ';
 
-		$where_in = $prefix . $this->_protect_identifiers($key) . $not . " IN (" . implode(", ", $this->ar_wherein) . ") ";
-
-		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $where_in;
@@ -679,20 +666,18 @@
 		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
-
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 			$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
 
-			if ($side == 'none')
+			if ($side === 'none')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}'";
 			}
-			elseif ($side == 'before')
+			elseif ($side === 'before')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}'";
 			}
-			elseif ($side == 'after')
+			elseif ($side === 'after')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}%'";
 			}
@@ -715,6 +700,7 @@
 			}
 
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -730,13 +716,10 @@
 	public function group_start($not = '', $type = 'AND ')
 	{
 		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
-
 		$this->ar_where_group_started = TRUE;
+		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $value = $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count).' (';
 
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-		$value =  $prefix . $not . str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count) . ' (';
-
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value;
 		if ($this->ar_caching)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
@@ -790,16 +773,14 @@
 	 */
 	public function group_end()
 	{
-		$value = str_repeat(' ', $this->ar_where_group_count--) . ')';
+		$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $value = str_repeat(' ', $this->ar_where_group_count--) . ')';
 
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value;
 		if ($this->ar_caching)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
 		}
 
-		$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -845,15 +826,16 @@
 
 			if ($val != '')
 			{
-				$this->ar_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
+				$this->ar_groupby[] = $val = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
+					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $val;
 					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -909,7 +891,7 @@
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) == 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
@@ -949,7 +931,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = TRUE)
 	{
-		if (strtolower($direction) == 'random')
+		if (strtolower($direction) === 'random')
 		{
 			$orderby = ''; // Random results want or don't need a field name
 			$direction = $this->_random_keyword;
@@ -960,7 +942,7 @@
 		}
 
 
-		if ((strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE) && ($escape === TRUE))
+		if ((strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE) && $escape === TRUE)
 		{
 			$temp = array();
 			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $part)
@@ -976,7 +958,7 @@
 
 			$orderby = implode(', ', $temp);
 		}
-		else if ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
+		elseif ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
 		{
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
@@ -984,9 +966,8 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		$orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
+		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
 
-		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
@@ -1121,9 +1102,7 @@
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
 		$this->_reset_select();
 		return $result;
 	}
@@ -1145,12 +1124,10 @@
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows'));
-
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows')));
 		$this->_reset_select();
 
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
@@ -1188,9 +1165,7 @@
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
 		$this->_reset_select();
 		return $result;
 	}
@@ -1213,11 +1188,11 @@
 			$this->set_insert_batch($set);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				//No valid data array.  Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
+				// No valid data array. Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
 				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
 			}
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1227,30 +1202,19 @@
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-
-			$sql = $this->_insert_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100));
-
-			//echo $sql;
-
-			$this->query($sql);
+			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100)));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
-
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -1294,7 +1258,6 @@
 			else
 			{
 				$clean = array();
-
 				foreach ($row as $value)
 				{
 					$clean[] = $this->escape($value);
@@ -1398,24 +1361,16 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_insert($table = '')
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -1444,31 +1399,22 @@
 			$this->set($set);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_replace($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1543,7 +1489,6 @@
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1559,34 +1504,28 @@
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to update data on
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_update($table = '')
 	{
 		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$this->ar_from[0] = $table;
 		}
+
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1599,7 +1538,7 @@
 	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
 	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
 	 * @param	string	the where key
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function update_batch($table = '', $set = NULL, $index = NULL)
 	{
@@ -1608,12 +1547,7 @@
 
 		if (is_null($index))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_index');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_index') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_null($set))
@@ -1621,39 +1555,29 @@
 			$this->set_update_batch($set, $index);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$sql = $this->_update_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->_protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where);
-
-			$this->query($sql);
+			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->_protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1679,7 +1603,6 @@
 		{
 			$index_set = FALSE;
 			$clean = array();
-
 			foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2)
 			{
 				if ($k2 == $index)
@@ -1691,14 +1614,7 @@
 					$not[] = $k.'-'.$v;
 				}
 
-				if ($escape === FALSE)
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $v2;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $this->escape($v2);
-				}
+				$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
 			}
 
 			if ($index_set == FALSE)
@@ -1728,11 +1644,7 @@
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
@@ -1743,9 +1655,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
@@ -1767,11 +1677,7 @@
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
@@ -1782,9 +1688,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_truncate($table);
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
@@ -1830,11 +1734,7 @@
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
@@ -1864,29 +1764,18 @@
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_where) == 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) == 0 && count($this->ar_like) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) === 0 && count($this->ar_like) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_delete($table, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_like, $this->ar_limit);
-
 		if ($reset_data)
 		{
 			$this->_reset_write();
 		}
 
-		if ($this->return_delete_sql === true)
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->query($sql);
+		return ($this->return_delete_sql === TRUE) ? $sql : $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1953,13 +1842,13 @@
 		}
 
 		// if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
-		if (strpos($table, " ") !== FALSE)
+		if (strpos($table, ' ') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
 			$table = preg_replace('/ AS /i', ' ', $table);
 
 			// Grab the alias
-			$table = trim(strrchr($table, " "));
+			$table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
 
 			// Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
 			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
@@ -1984,10 +1873,7 @@
 		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
 		$this->_merge_cache();
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "select" portion of the query
-
 		if ($select_override !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$sql = $select_override;
@@ -1996,7 +1882,7 @@
 		{
 			$sql = ( ! $this->ar_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
 
-			if (count($this->ar_select) == 0)
+			if (count($this->ar_select) === 0)
 			{
 				$sql .= '*';
 			}
@@ -2015,32 +1901,19 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "FROM" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_from) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nFROM ";
-
-			$sql .= $this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
+			$sql .= "\nFROM ".$this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_join) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
+			$sql .= "\n".implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "WHERE" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_where) > 0 OR count($this->ar_like) > 0)
 		{
 			$sql .= "\nWHERE ";
@@ -2048,10 +1921,7 @@
 
 		$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "LIKE" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_like) > 0)
 		{
 			if (count($this->ar_where) > 0)
@@ -2062,50 +1932,32 @@
 			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_like);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "GROUP BY" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_groupby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ";
-
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
+			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "HAVING" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_having) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nHAVING ";
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
+			$sql .= "\nHAVING ".implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "ORDER BY" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_orderby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ";
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
-
+			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
 			if ($this->ar_order !== FALSE)
 			{
 				$sql .= ($this->ar_order == 'desc') ? ' DESC' : ' ASC';
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "LIMIT" portion of the query
-
 		if (is_numeric($this->ar_limit))
 		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-			$sql = $this->_limit($sql, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
+			return $this->_limit($sql."\n", $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -2165,14 +2017,12 @@
 		foreach ($fields as $val)
 		{
 			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
-			if ($val != '_parent_name')
+			if ($val !== '_parent_name')
 			{
-
 				$i = 0;
 				foreach ($out[$val] as $data)
 				{
-					$array[$i][$val] = $data;
-					$i++;
+					$array[$i++][$val] = $data;
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -2247,7 +2097,7 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _merge_cache()
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) === 0)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
@@ -2257,7 +2107,7 @@
 			$ar_variable	= 'ar_'.$val;
 			$ar_cache_var	= 'ar_cache_'.$val;
 
-			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) == 0)
+			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) === 0)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -2282,7 +2132,6 @@
 	 *
 	 * Publicly-visible method to reset the AR values.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function reset_query()
@@ -2319,25 +2168,24 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_select()
 	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_select'			=> array(),
-			'ar_from'			=> array(),
-			'ar_join'			=> array(),
-			'ar_where'			=> array(),
-			'ar_like'			=> array(),
-			'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_having'			=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
-			'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
-			'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
-			'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_limit'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_offset'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'			=> FALSE,
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+					'ar_select'		=> array(),
+					'ar_from'		=> array(),
+					'ar_join'		=> array(),
+					'ar_where'		=> array(),
+					'ar_like'		=> array(),
+					'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
+					'ar_having'		=> array(),
+					'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
+					'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
+					'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
+					'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
+					'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_offset'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_order'		=> FALSE
+					)
+				);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2351,19 +2199,19 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_write()
 	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_set'		=> array(),
-			'ar_from'		=> array(),
-			'ar_where'		=> array(),
-			'ar_like'		=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
-			'ar_keys'		=> array(),
-			'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'		=> FALSE
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+					'ar_set'	=> array(),
+					'ar_from'	=> array(),
+					'ar_where'	=> array(),
+					'ar_like'	=> array(),
+					'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
+					'ar_keys'	=> array(),
+					'ar_limit'	=> FALSE,
+					'ar_order'	=> FALSE
+					)
+				);
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file DB_active_rec.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_cache.php b/system/database/DB_cache.php
index 1ff046c..79651fc 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_cache.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_cache.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Cache Class
  *
@@ -36,19 +34,12 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_Cache {
 
-	var $CI;
-	var $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
+	public $CI;
+	public $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct(&$db)
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI
-		// and load the file helper since we use it a lot
+		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI and load the file helper since we use it a lot
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $db;
 		$this->CI->load->helper('file');
@@ -59,11 +50,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function check_path($path = '')
+	public function check_path($path = '')
 	{
 		if ($path == '')
 		{
@@ -76,7 +66,7 @@
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the path if needed
-		$path = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $path);
+		$path = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $path);
 
 		if ( ! is_dir($path) OR ! is_really_writable($path))
 		{
@@ -96,10 +86,9 @@
 	 * The URI being requested will become the name of the cache sub-folder.
 	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function read($sql)
+	public function read($sql)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->check_path())
 		{
@@ -107,9 +96,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$filepath = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/'.md5($sql);
 
 		if (FALSE === ($cachedata = read_file($filepath)))
@@ -125,10 +112,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Write a query to a cache file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function write($sql, $object)
+	public function write($sql, $object)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->check_path())
 		{
@@ -136,11 +122,8 @@
 		}
 
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		$filename = md5($sql);
 
 		if ( ! @is_dir($dir_path))
@@ -167,10 +150,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Delete cache files within a particular directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
 		if ($segment_one == '')
 		{
@@ -183,7 +165,6 @@
 		}
 
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		delete_files($dir_path, TRUE);
 	}
 
@@ -192,16 +173,14 @@
 	/**
 	 * Delete all existing cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete_all()
+	public function delete_all()
 	{
 		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_cache.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_cache.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_cache.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index 762d18a..336e949 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -36,23 +36,17 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_forge {
 
-	var $fields			= array();
-	var $keys			= array();
-	var $primary_keys	= array();
-	var $db_char_set	=	'';
+	public $fields		= array();
+	public $keys		= array();
+	public $primary_keys	= array();
+	public $db_char_set	=	'';
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $CI->db;
-		log_message('debug', "Database Forge Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Database Forge Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -60,20 +54,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function create_database($db_name)
+	public function create_database($db_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_create_database($db_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,20 +68,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function drop_database($db_name)
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_drop_database($db_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -152,7 +132,7 @@
 
 		if (is_string($field))
 		{
-			if ($field == 'id')
+			if ($field === 'id')
 			{
 				$this->add_field(array(
 					'id' => array(
@@ -178,7 +158,7 @@
 		{
 			$this->fields = array_merge($this->fields, $field);
 		}
-		
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -197,21 +177,14 @@
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_create_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $this->primary_keys, $this->keys, $if_not_exists);
-
 		$this->_reset();
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -225,13 +198,7 @@
 	public function drop_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_drop_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -250,8 +217,7 @@
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_rename_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name);
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $this->db->query($this->_rename_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -273,8 +239,7 @@
 
 		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
 		// so we cycle through
-
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
 			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
 
@@ -284,7 +249,6 @@
 			}
 
 			$sql = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $after_field);
-
 			$this->_reset();
 
 			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
@@ -307,7 +271,6 @@
 	 */
 	public function drop_column($table = '', $column_name = '')
 	{
-
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
@@ -318,9 +281,7 @@
 			show_error('A column name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name);
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $this->db->query($this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -342,8 +303,7 @@
 
 		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
 		// so we cycle through
-
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
 			// If no name provided, use the current name
 			if ( ! isset($field[$k]['name']))
@@ -352,14 +312,12 @@
 			}
 
 			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
-
-			if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+			if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 			{
 				show_error('Field information is required.');
 			}
 
 			$sql = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields);
-
 			$this->_reset();
 
 			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
@@ -382,12 +340,10 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _reset()
 	{
-		$this->fields		= array();
-		$this->keys			= array();
-		$this->primary_keys	= array();
+		$this->fields = $this->keys = $this->primary_keys = array();
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file DB_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index c4ed20b..7304432 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Result Class
  *
@@ -40,27 +38,25 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_result {
 
-	var $conn_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_array			= array();
-	var $result_object			= array();
-	var $custom_result_object	= array();
-	var $current_row			= 0;
-	var $num_rows				= 0;
-	var $row_data				= NULL;
-
+	public $conn_id				= NULL;
+	public $result_id			= NULL;
+	public $result_array			= array();
+	public $result_object			= array();
+	public $custom_result_object		= array();
+	public $current_row			= 0;
+	public $num_rows			= 0;
+	public $row_data			= NULL;
 
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
 	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
 	 */
 	public function result($type = 'object')
 	{
-		if ($type == 'array') return $this->result_array();
-		else if ($type == 'object') return $this->result_object();
+		if ($type === 'array') return $this->result_array();
+		elseif ($type === 'object') return $this->result_object();
 		else return $this->custom_result_object($type);
 	}
 
@@ -69,8 +65,8 @@
 	/**
 	 * Custom query result.
 	 *
-	 * @param class_name A string that represents the type of object you want back
-	 * @return array of objects
+	 * @param	string	A string that represents the type of object you want back
+	 * @return	array	of objects
 	 */
 	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
 	{
@@ -91,7 +87,6 @@
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
 		{
 			$object = new $class_name();
-
 			foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 			{
 				$object->$key = $value;
@@ -109,7 +104,6 @@
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  "object" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function result_object()
@@ -141,7 +135,6 @@
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  "array" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result_array()
@@ -173,7 +166,6 @@
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
 	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
@@ -197,8 +189,8 @@
 			$n = 0;
 		}
 
-		if ($type == 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
-		else if ($type == 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
+		if ($type === 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
+		elseif ($type === 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
 		else return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
 	}
 
@@ -207,8 +199,7 @@
 	/**
 	 * Assigns an item into a particular column slot
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_row($key, $value = NULL)
 	{
@@ -224,7 +215,6 @@
 			{
 				$this->row_data[$k] = $v;
 			}
-
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -239,14 +229,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - custom object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function custom_row_object($n, $type)
 	{
 		$result = $this->custom_result_object($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -262,14 +250,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function row_object($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_object();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -287,14 +273,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - array version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function row_array($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_array();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -313,18 +297,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "first" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function first_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[0];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[0];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -332,18 +310,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "last" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function last_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[count($result) -1];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[count($result) - 1];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -351,14 +323,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "next" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function next_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -376,14 +346,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "previous" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -416,7 +384,6 @@
 	protected function _fetch_object() { return array(); }
 
 }
-// END DB_result class
 
 /* End of file DB_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_utility.php b/system/database/DB_utility.php
index 8db4f3b..4c881d8 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Utility Class
  *
@@ -36,22 +34,15 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	var $db;
-	var $data_cache		= array();
+	public $db;
+	public $data_cache		= array();
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $CI->db;
-
-		log_message('debug', "Database Utility Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Database Utility Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -59,10 +50,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function list_databases()
+	public function list_databases()
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['db_names']))
@@ -80,8 +70,7 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['db_names'] = $dbs;
-		return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+		return $this->data_cache['db_names'] = $dbs;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -89,11 +78,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular database exists
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	boolean
 	 */
-	function database_exists($database_name)
+	public function database_exists($database_name)
 	{
 		// Some databases won't have access to the list_databases() function, so
 		// this is intended to allow them to override with their own functions as
@@ -114,17 +102,17 @@
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function optimize_table($table_name)
+	public function optimize_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_optimize_table($table_name);
 
 		if (is_bool($sql))
 		{
-				show_error('db_must_use_set');
+			show_error('db_must_use_set');
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->db->query($sql);
@@ -140,10 +128,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function optimize_database()
+	public function optimize_database()
 	{
 		$result = array();
 		foreach ($this->db->list_tables() as $table_name)
@@ -177,11 +164,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Repair Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function repair_table($table_name)
+	public function repair_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_repair_table($table_name);
 
@@ -203,14 +189,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Generate CSV from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	object	The query result object
 	 * @param	string	The delimiter - comma by default
 	 * @param	string	The newline character - \n by default
 	 * @param	string	The enclosure - double quote by default
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ",", $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
+	public function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ',', $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -218,15 +203,13 @@
 		}
 
 		$out = '';
-
 		// First generate the headings from the table column names
 		foreach ($query->list_fields() as $name)
 		{
 			$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $name).$enclosure.$delim;
 		}
 
-		$out = rtrim($out);
-		$out .= $newline;
+		$out = rtrim($out).$newline;
 
 		// Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
@@ -235,8 +218,7 @@
 			{
 				$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $item).$enclosure.$delim;
 			}
-			$out = rtrim($out);
-			$out .= $newline;
+			$out = rtrim($out).$newline;
 		}
 
 		return $out;
@@ -247,12 +229,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Generate XML data from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	object	The query result object
 	 * @param	array	Any preferences
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
+	public function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -280,16 +261,14 @@
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
 			$xml .= $tab."<{$element}>".$newline;
-
 			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$xml .= $tab.$tab."<{$key}>".xml_convert($val)."</{$key}>".$newline;
 			}
 			$xml .= $tab."</{$element}>".$newline;
 		}
-		$xml .= "</$root>".$newline;
 
-		return $xml;
+		return $xml .= "</$root>".$newline;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -297,10 +276,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Database Backup
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function backup($params = array())
+	public function backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// If the parameters have not been submitted as an
 		// array then we know that it is simply the table
@@ -314,14 +292,14 @@
 
 		// Set up our default preferences
 		$prefs = array(
-							'tables'		=> array(),
-							'ignore'		=> array(),
-							'filename'		=> '',
-							'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
-							'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
-							'add_insert'	=> TRUE,
-							'newline'		=> "\n"
-						);
+				'tables'		=> array(),
+				'ignore'		=> array(),
+				'filename'		=> '',
+				'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
+				'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
+				'add_insert'		=> TRUE,
+				'newline'		=> "\n"
+			);
 
 		// Did the user submit any preferences? If so set them....
 		if (count($params) > 0)
@@ -335,29 +313,23 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Are we backing up a complete database or individual tables?
 		// If no table names were submitted we'll fetch the entire table list
-		if (count($prefs['tables']) == 0)
+		if (count($prefs['tables']) === 0)
 		{
 			$prefs['tables'] = $this->db->list_tables();
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Validate the format
 		if ( ! in_array($prefs['format'], array('gzip', 'zip', 'txt'), TRUE))
 		{
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Is the encoder supported?  If not, we'll either issue an
+		// Is the encoder supported? If not, we'll either issue an
 		// error or use plain text depending on the debug settings
-		if (($prefs['format'] == 'gzip' AND ! @function_exists('gzencode'))
-		OR ($prefs['format'] == 'zip'  AND ! @function_exists('gzcompress')))
+		if (($prefs['format'] === 'gzip' AND ! @function_exists('gzencode'))
+			OR ($prefs['format'] === 'zip'  AND ! @function_exists('gzcompress')))
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
@@ -367,60 +339,49 @@
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Set the filename if not provided - Only needed with Zip files
-		if ($prefs['filename'] == '' AND $prefs['format'] == 'zip')
-		{
-			$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) == 1) ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database;
-			$prefs['filename'] .= '_'.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time());
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a Gzip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'gzip')
-		{
-			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a text file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'txt')
-		{
-			return $this->_backup($prefs);
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Was a Zip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'zip')
+		if ($prefs['format'] === 'zip')
 		{
-			// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
-			if (preg_match("|.+?\.zip$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			// Set the filename if not provided (only needed with Zip files)
+			if ($prefs['filename'] == '')
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) === 1 ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database)
+							.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time()).'.sql';
 			}
-
-			// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
-			if ( ! preg_match("|.+?\.sql$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			else
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
+				if (preg_match('|.+?\.zip$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				}
+
+				// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
+				if ( ! preg_match('|.+?\.sql$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				}
 			}
 
 			// Load the Zip class and output it
-
 			$CI =& get_instance();
 			$CI->load->library('zip');
 			$CI->zip->add_data($prefs['filename'], $this->_backup($prefs));
 			return $CI->zip->get_zip();
 		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] == 'txt') // Was a text file requested?
+		{
+			return $this->_backup($prefs);
+		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] === 'gzip') // Was a Gzip file requested?
+		{
+			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
+		}
 
+		return;
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_utility.php */